Key Health Data for the West Midlands 2004
Table 2.1: Factors which increase the risk of child poverty and its associated adverse outcomes
| Drivers | ||
| Demography | Lone parenthood | |
| Teenage parenthood | ||
| Fertility rate variation by socio-economic group | ||
| Families with 3 or more children | ||
| Certain ethnic minority groups especially Pakistani and Black African / Carribean | ||
| Asylum seekers | ||
| Parents with ill health and disability | ||
| Unemployment / Economic inactivity/ Worklessness | ||
| Labour Market | Low Pay | |
| Dispersion of earnings (young vs old, skilled vs less skilled, private vs public sectors) | ||
| Part time and temporary work | ||
| Lack of affordable and appropriate childcare | ||
| Social Policy | Low proportion of GDP collected by state | |
| More regressive taxation | ||
| Less progressive taxation | ||
| Lower spending on social protection for children | ||
| Cash benefits linked to prices rather than earnings | ||
| Restricted entitlement to social assistance | ||
| Benefits in kind (health, education, social care) benefit more affluent than those in poverty | ||
| Failure to regulate or intervene where market provision has failed eg childcare, housing, inverse care law in public services, food deserts, | ||
| Child poverty | ||
| Low family income | ||
| No savings / assets / marketable wealth | ||
| Homelessness | ||
| Debt | ||
| Routes of transmission | ||
| Individual capacities, vulnerabilities | Children with poor health and disability | |
| Looked after children | ||
| Children with Special Education Needs | ||
| Family | Family dysfunction | |
| Low psychological capital: low levels of parental interest and support especially emotional and educational support | ||
| Cultural capital: level of parental education, TV viewing habits, physical activity patterns, aspirations etc | ||
| Low social capital: Restricted social networks | ||
| Divorce and relationship breakdown | ||
| Neighbourhood | Ward deprivation | |
| Unaffordability, low availability and poor quality of housing | ||
| Lack of local services eg launderette, food deserts, public transport, leisure services, etc | ||
| High crime | ||
| Child Outcomes | ||
| Physical | Morbidity | Low Birth Weight |
| Accidents | ||
| Childhood Obesity | ||
| Dental illhealth | ||
| Mortality | Child mortality | |
| Stillbirths | ||
| Perinatal mortality | ||
| Neonatal mortality | ||
| Infant mortality | ||
| Child accident mortality | ||
| Educational | Educational attainment | |
| Behavioural | Teenage pregnancy | |
| Exclusion from school | ||
| Emotional / Mental | Conduct disorder | |
| Suicide mortality in young people | ||
| Adult Outcomes | Premature mortality in men | |
| Mortality from stroke and stomach cancer | ||
| Mortality from CHD and respiratory disease | ||
| Adult obesity | ||
| Periodontal disease and tooth decay |
| Source: Bradshaw et al (2004) The Drivers of Social Exclusion. A review of the literature for the Social Exclusion Unit in the Breaking the Cycle series. ODPM, London | ||
| Source: Bradshaw J (2001) Poverty: the outcomes for children. ESRC, FPFC, SPRU. Family Policy Studies Centre. London |
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© Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham